The Hoplites were the heavily armed infantry soldiers of the Greeks. It is thought by many that the name "hoplite" comes from a Greek word "hoplon" for a specific shape (large and round) of shield with a "flat offset rim (itus)" and two handles on the inside, that Paul Cartledge says was invented by 700 B.C. It was usually bronze-rimmed wood. By 425, the Spartan shield generally had a thin sheet of bronze over it. Its size depended on the length of the wearer's forearm.
Augustus (63 BC – AD 14) in General’s uniform 1st century B.C.E. Augustus was the first emperor of Rome. He replaced the Roman republic with a monarchy and during his long reign brought peach and stability. However, military disasters and a troubled economy clouded his last reigning years.
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